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Sindhiya

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)
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For Jat Gotra of the same name see Sindhiya (Gotra)

Scindia or earlier known as the Sendrak was a Maratha Royal House that ruled the erstwhile Gwalior State in central India.

Variants

Origin

Dr Naval Viyogi[1] writes that Vayu Puran has mentioned first king of Satavahanas was Sindhuka. The region of Bastar was once ruled by the Satwahana rulers from 72 BC to 200 AD. There is an inscription in which Chalukya king has mentioned his family name Sendrak[2]. Similarly the royal family of Chakrakot has been called Sandrak or Chhindak [3], (Chhinde or Sende) which was a well known Naga family of historical period. It seems that all royal families of likewise names belonged to Indus Valley in Origin and are Nagavanshi.

Foundation

The Scindia dynasty was founded by Ranoji Scindia, a personal servant and soldier of Peshwa Bajirao I.[4][5][6][7]

Ranoji prospered early under Bajirao because of the favorable circumstances created by the appointment of Bajirao as the Peshwa at the age of twenty. This had evoked jealousy from senior officials like Anant Ram Sumant, Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi, Khanderao Dabhade and Kanhoji Bhosle. This led Bajirao to promote as commanders of his troops talented young men who were barely out of their teens such as Malhar Rao Holkar, the Pawar (Puar) brothers, Pilaji Jadhav, Fateh Singh Bhosale and Ranoji. None of these men belonged to families that held hereditary Deshmukhi rights under earlier rulers such as the Deccan Sultanates.[8][9] The Shindes or Scindias had served as shiledars (cavalrymen) under the Bahmani Sultanate and played an important role in the state of affairs and held Patilki of Kumberkerrab.[10]

There are otherwise several anecdotes about the origin of the Scindhias (Shindes), especially those recorded by Sir John Malcolm.[11] Stewart Gordon states the cultivator, etc. origin of other Marathas.[12]

History

Ranoji Scindia rose as a prominent military commander under Peshwa Bajirao I. Ranoji and his descendants, along with Holkars, played a leading role during the Maratha ascendancy in northern India in the 18th century. The Gwalior State became a princely state during the British Raj in the 19th and the 20th centuries. After India's independence in 1947 and the abolition of princely states, several members of the Scindia Dynasty went on to enter Indian politics.

Maratha Period: The Scindia dynasty was founded by Ranoji Scindia, who was the son of Jankojirao Scindia, the Patil of Kanherkhed, a village in Satara District, Maharashtra.[13] Peshwa Baji Rao's career saw the strengthening of the Maratha Empire. Ranoji was in charge of the Maratha conquests in Malwa in 1726.

Ranoji established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. His successors included Jayajirao, Jyotibarao, Dattajirao, Jankojirao, Mahadji Shinde and Daulatrao Scindia.

The Scindias became a major regional power in the latter half of the 18th century, and figured prominently in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. They held sway over many of the Rajput states, and conquered north India.

In 1818, after accepting the terms of a subsidiary alliance with the British, the family shifted their base from Ujjain to Gwalior.

Rulers of Gwalior state under the British: After the defeat of the allied Maratha states by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1818, Daulatrao Shinde was forced to accept local autonomy as a princely state within British-occupied India and to give up Ajmer to the British.

After the death of Daulatrao, Maharani Baiza Bai ruled the empire, saving it from the British power, till the adopted child Jankoji Rao took over the charge. Jankoji died in 1843, and his widow Tarabai Raje Scindia successfully maintained the position and adopted a child from close lineage named Jayajirao.

Accession of Gwalior state into Independent India: The Scindia dynasty ruled Gwalior until India's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, when the Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia acceded to the Government of India. Gwalior was merged with a number of other princely states to become the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat. Jiwajirao Scindia served as the state's rajpramukh, or appointed governor, from 28 May 1948 to 31 October 1956, when Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh.

Scindia Maharajas of Gwalior and Ujjain

The heads of the Royal House of Scindia include:

  • Dattaji Rao Scindia (Regent 1755 – 10.1.1760). Died 10.1.1760. Vacant 15.1.1761 – 25.11.1763
  • Madhavrao Scindia (1961–2001), the last reigning Maharaja, before the abolishment of the monarchy in 1971.

Sindhia Jat Relations

Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana is considered to be the greatest and the most powerful Jat ruler of Gohad. During his rule he occupied many neighbouring forts. His rule is considered to be the golden period of Rana rulers by historians. He was brave, tactful, visionary and strong administrator. Though the Marathas were sworn enemies of Gohad ruling house yet Mahadji Sindhia always desired to have friendship with Chhatar Singh.[14] The English Government made him the ally of the British. His biggest success was occupation of the impregnable Gwalior Fort.[15]

The Maharaj Ranas of Dholpur belong to the clan of Bamraulia Jats. An ancestor of the family appears to have held certain territories at Bamraoli near Agra c. 1195. His descendant in 1505, Singhan Deo, having distinguished himself in an expedition against the freebooters of the Deccan, was rewarded by bestowal of the sovereignty of the small territory of Gohad, with the title of Rana.

In 1779 the Rana of Gohad joined the British forces against Scindia, under a treaty which stipulated that, at the conclusion of peace between the English and Marathas, all the territories then in his possession would be guaranteed to him, and protected from invasion by Sindhia. This protection was subsequently withdrawn, the Rana having been charged as guilty of 'treachery', and in 1783 Sindhia succeeded in recapturing the fortress of Gwalior, and crushed his Jat opponent by seizing the whole of Gohad. In 1804, however, the family estates were restored to Ranas of Gohad by the British government; but, owing to the opposition of Sindhia, the Rana agreed in 1805 to exchange Gohad for the territory of Dholpur, which was taken under British protection, the chief binding himself to act in subordinate co-operation with the paramount power, and to refer all disputes with neighboring princes to the British government. After 1818 the state was placed under the authority of British India's Rajputana Agency.

Book on Sindhia Jat Relations

Published book - Sindhia Jat Sambandh with special reference to Gohad

सिंधिया-जाट सम्बन्ध - गोहद के विशेष सन्दर्भ में
लेखक - डॉ. प्रद्युम्न कुमार ओझा
प्रकाशक - जाटवीर प्रकाशन, ग्वालियर
जाट समाज कल्याण परिषद, एफ/13, डॉ राजेन्द्र प्रसाद कालोनी, तानसेन मार्ग ,ग्वालियर-474002
दूरभाष : 0751 -2382130
प्रथम संस्करण - 2014
Note- 'Sindhia Jat Sambandh with special reference to Gohad' is the recently published book in Hindi by Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad Gwalior. Author of the book is Dr. Pradyumn Kumar Ojha. The book has been written after content well researched from remains of the Gohad rulers in the form of forts, wells, baories, temples etc in area around Gohad and Gwalior. Author has consulted sources in English, Marathi, Persian, Urdu languages and the books of traditional record keepers Jagas, Bhats, Charans etc.

सिंधिया

शिंदे/सिंधिया राजवंश राणोजी सिंधिया, जो महाराष्ट्र के सातारा जिले में कान्हेरखेड गांव के पाटिल जानकोजीराव के पुत्र थे, द्वारा स्थापित किया गया था।

इतिहास: सिंधिया राजवंश राणोजी सिंधिया, जो महाराष्ट्र के सातारा जिले में कान्हेरखेड गांव के पाटिल जानकोजीराव के पुत्र द्वारा स्थापित किया गया था। 1818 के तीसरे आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध में अंग्रेजों के हाथों मराठा राज्यों की हार के बाद, दौलतराव सिंधिया ब्रिटिश भारत के भीतर एक रियासत के रूप में स्थानीय स्वायत्तता स्वीकार करने और अजमेर को अंग्रेज़ो को देने के लिए मजबूर हो गये। दौलतराव की मृत्यु के बाद, महारानी बैज़ा बाई ने साम्राज्य चलाया और ब्रिटिश सत्ता से बची रही, उसके बाद उनके गोद लिए हुए जानकोजी राव ने सत्ता संभाली। जानकोजी की मृत्यु 1843 में हुई और उनकी विधवा ताराबाई राजे सिंधिया ने सफलतापूर्वक स्थिति को यथावत बनाए रखा और जयाजीराव नामक बालक को गोद लिया। सिंधिया परिवार ने 1947 तक भारत की स्वतंत्रता तक ग्वालियर पर शासन किया। तब महाराजा जीवाजिराव सिंधिया ने भारत मे विलय के लिये स्वीकृति दे दी। ग्वालियर अन्य रियासतों के साथ विलय के साथ मध्य भारत का नया राज्य बन गया। जॉर्ज जीवाजिराव ने राज्यप्रमुख के रूप में 28 मई 1948 से 31 अक्टूबर 1956 तक कार्य किया, तब मध्य भारत का मध्य प्रदेश में विलय कर दिया गया।

1962 में महाराजा जीवाजिराव की विधवा, राजमाता विजयाराजे सिंधिया लोकसभा के लिए निर्वाचित हुईं और इस प्रकार सिंधिया परिवार की चुनावी राजनीति में जीवन - यात्रा प्रारंभ हुई। वे शुरू मे कांग्रेस पार्टी की सदस्य थी, परन्तु बाद में भारतीय जनता पार्टी की एक प्रभावशाली सदस्य बन कर उभरीं। उनके पुत्र माधवराव सिंधिया 1971 में कांग्रेस पार्टी का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हुए लोकसभा के लिए निर्वाचित हुए और 2001 मे मृत्यु तक लोकसभा के सदस्य रहे। उनके पुत्र ज्योतिरादित्य सिंधिया भी अपने पिता की लोक सभा सीट पर कांग्रेस पार्टी के टिकट पर 2004 चुने गये।

विजयाराजे की बेटियों ने भारतीय जनता पार्टी का समर्थन किया है। वसुंधरा राजे सिंधिया ने मध्य प्रदेश और राजस्थान से पाँच संसदीय चुनावों मे विजय पाई। वसुंधरा राजे सिंधिया की शादी 11.9.1973 को धोलपुर के जाट राजा हेमंत सिंह से हुई। उनके पुत्र दुष्यंत सिंह झालावाड से तीन बार (2014, 2019 और 2024) सांसद रहे हैं। दुष्यंत सिंह ने 2004 में राजस्थान से लोकसभा में प्रवेश किया। 1998 के बाद के वाजपेयी सरकार के शासनकाल मे वसुंधरा ने कई अलग अलग मंत्रालयों का प्रभार संभाला। 2003 मे उन्होने राजस्थान में भारतीय जनता पार्टी का नेतृत्व करते हुये भारी बहुमत हासिल और राज्य की मुख्यमंत्री बनी।

उसकी दूसरी बेटी, यशोधरा राजे सिंधिया ने मध्य प्रदेश के शिवपुरी से विधानसभा चुनाव लड़ा और 1998 और 2003 में विजय प्राप्त की। मध्य प्रदेश विधान सभा चुनावो में भाजपा की जीत पर, वे पर्यटन, खेल और युवा मामलों के लिए राज्य मंत्री बनी।

उत्पत्ति: सिंधिया परिवार को परंपरागत रूप से राजा (सेंद्रक) सिंधिया और पुराने मराठा वंश का वंशज माना जाता है। सिंधिया ने छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज के वंशजो की रक्षा की है और डेक्कन के बहमनी सल्तनत के रिश्तेदार भी रहे।

शाखाएं: आपटेकर, भुसे, देसाई, कुल्हर, कोल्हे, कुर्वासिन्दे, जटायु, जद्बुद्धे, जादे, जयसिन्धिया, डाबले, डोरगे, दुर्देसिन्धिया, नगवाडे, नेकुलसिन्धिया, नेकनामदार, नेभले, प्रतापसिन्धिया, भागलकर, भुरे, भोरे, भेड, मुंग, घाटे, मुके, मुंगेकर, मुगूल, टिङरे, विजयसिन्धिया, वालेकर, वाबले, शिशुपालसिन्धियया, सक्तपालसिन्धिया, सिताजासिन्धियया, भैरवसिन्धियया, महाकालसिन्धिया, मुलसिन्धियया, मुंडे, पाइगुडे, घुले, जेधे और मते आदि।

उपवंश

  • पायगुडे - पुणे प्रान्त के 35 गाँवों के देशमुख व करंजवणे देशमुख
  • देसाई - सतारा जिले के पाटन में कई गाँवों के देशमुखों का उपनाम
  • सिंधिया - तोरगल का एक वंश, जिन्होने कोल्हापुर के छत्रपती भोंसले वंश के साथ वैवाहिक संबंध स्थापित किये
  • सिंधिया - मलणगांव का एक वंश, जो बीजापुर की सल्तनत के जमाने से मलणगांव का सरनजामदार थे
  • सिंधिया - पुणे जिले में सूबेदार, खोर, तालुका, धौंड/दौंड, श्रीगोंदा (अहमदनगर)
  • वाबले - कोपरगाँव (अहमदनगर) जिले के देशमुख
  • सिंधेः - नाशिक व खानदेश के देशमुख व सरदार

External Links

See also

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India,p.301
  2. ↑ Vaidya C.V., "Madhya Yugin Bharat"
  3. ↑ MRE (1808-9) Inscriptions in Berar and C.P. no. 269,p.111
  4. ↑ Ainslie Thomas Embree (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-684-18899-7. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2020. Ranoji Scindia (d. 1750), the founder of Gwalior state, started his political career reputedly as a slipper-bearer at the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Marathas, but soon rose to high office.
  5. ↑ K. V. Krishna Ayyar (1999). The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806. Publication Division, University of Calicut. ISBN 978-81-7748-000-9. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2020. The carrying of the Pallimaradi before the Zamorin on public occasions might have been due to the same reason as the carrying of a pair of golden slippers before Scindia, whose ancestor was the slipper - bearer of Peshwa Baji Rao - to show his respect for his original humble office which was the cause of his subsequent success
  6. ↑ Satish Chandra (2003). Essays on Medieval Indian History. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-566336-5. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2020. The Sindhias, it is well-known, were drawn from a Kunbi family which had the hereditary patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in the district of Wai. The origins of the Holkar were even more humble: they belonged to the caste of goat-herds (dungar), the family holding zamindari rights in the village of Hal.
  7. ↑ Romila Thapar (1994). "Seminar – Issues 417–424": 59. Many peasant caste men who distinguished themselves in battle or otherwise served the ruler became Marathas. Witness the first Holkar who was a shepherd and the first Scindia who was a Kunbi personal servant of the Peshwa
  8. ↑ Gordon, Stewart (2007). The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–121. ISBN 978-0521033169.
  9. ↑ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1946). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707–1772. Phoenix Publications. pp. 65, 69.
  10. ↑ Richard M. Eaton (2005). A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-521-25484-7.
  11. ↑ Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian Princes and their States. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35, 36. ISBN 978-1139449083. Archived
  12. ↑ Stewart Gordon (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2020. Looking backward from ample material on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, we know that Maratha as a category of caste represents the amalgamation of families from several castes - Kunbi, Lohar, Sutar, Bhandari, Thakar, and even Dhangars (shepherds) – which existed in the seventeenth century and, indeed, exist as castes in Maharashtra today. What differentiated, for example, "Maratha" from "Kunbi"? It was precisely the martial tradition, of which they were proud, and the rights (watans and inams) they gained from military service. It was these rights which differentiated them from the ordinary cultivator, ironworkers and tailors, especially at the local level
  13. ↑ N. G. Rathod (1994). The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons. p. 1. ISBN 978-81-85431-52-9.
  14. ↑ Dr. Natthan Singh (2004) : Jat-Itihas,p.359
  15. ↑ Dr. Ajay Kumar Agnihotri (1985) : Gohad ke Jaton ka Itihas(Hindi), p. 29
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